1	Evidence for a Recent Creation David A. Plaisted
2	Evidence for accelerated decay Helium retention in zircons Recent Carbon 14 dates Radiation and accelerated decay Evidence of accelerated mutation rate Evidence of a nearby supernova Lack of objects in the Kuiper belt Correlation between surface heat flow and the radioactivity of surface rocks
3	"Many lines of evidence are..." Many lines of evidence are beginning to fit together into a consistent picture. How much evidence is necessary before a paradigm shift occurs?
4	"Creationists now feel that billions..." Creationists now feel that billions of years worth of radioactive decay has occurred on earth, giving old isotopic dates, but this decay took place in only a few thousand years.
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8	"HELIUM DIFFUSION RATES SUPPORT ACCELERATED..." HELIUM DIFFUSION RATES SUPPORT ACCELERATED NUCLEAR DECAY D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS, STEVEN A. AUSTIN, JOHN R. BAUMGARDNER, ANDREW A. SNELLING International Conference on Creationism Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PA August 4-9, 2003
9	"Two decades ago," Two decades ago, Robert Gentry and his colleagues at Oak Ridge National Laboratory reported surprisingly high amounts of nuclear-decay-generated helium in tiny radioactive zircons from Precambrian rock. Up to 58% of the helium (that radioactivity would have generated during the alleged 1.5 billion year age of the granodiorite) was still in the zircons. Yet the zircons were so small that they should not have retained the helium for even a tiny fraction of that time.
10	"The high helium retention levels..." The high helium retention levels suggested to us and many other creationists that the helium simply had not had enough time to diffuse out of the zircons, and that recent accelerated nuclear decay had produced over a billion years worth of helium within only the last few thousand years, during Creation and/or the Flood. Such acceleration would reduce the radioisotopic time scale from megayears down to months.
11	"However," However, until a few years ago nobody had done the experimental and theoretical studies necessary to confirm this conclusion quantitatively. In 2000 the RATE project [14] began experiments to measure the diffusion rates of helium in zircon and biotite. We show that these data limit the age of these rocks to between 4,000 and 14,000 years. These results support our hypothesis of accelerated nuclear decay and represent strong scientific evidence for the young world of Scripture.
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13	"MEASURABLE 14C IN FOSSILIZED ORGANIC..." MEASURABLE 14C IN FOSSILIZED ORGANIC MATERIALS: CONFIRMING THE YOUNG EARTH CREATION-FLOOD MODEL JOHN R. BAUMGARDNER,D. RUSSELL HUMPHREYS, ANDREW A. SNELLING, STEVEN A. AUSTIN International Conference on Creationism Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PA August 4-9, 2003
14	"ABSTRACT" ABSTRACT Given the short 14C half-life of 5730 years, organic materials purportedly older than 250,000 years should contain absolutely no detectable 14C. An astonishing discovery made over the past twenty years is that, almost without exception, when tested by highly sensitive accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) methods, organic samples from every portion of the fossil record show detectable amounts of 14C!
15	"14C/C ratios from all but..." 14C/C ratios from all but the youngest samples appear to be clustered in the range 0.1-0.5 pmc (percent modern carbon), regardless of geological ‘age.’ A straightforward conclusion that can be drawn from these observations is that all but the very youngest fossilized organic material was buried contemporaneously much less than 250,000 years ago. This is consistent with the Biblical account of a global Flood that destroyed most of the air-breathing life on the planet in a single brief cataclysm only a few thousand years ago.
16	"Giem [18]" Giem [18] reviewed the literature and tabulated about seventy reported AMS measurements of 14C in organic materials from the geologic record that, according to the conventional geologic time-scale, should be 14C ‘dead.’ The surprising result is that organic samples from every portion of the fossil record show detectable amounts of 14C. For the measurements considered most reliable, the 14C/C ratios appear to fall in the range 0.1-0.5 percent of the modern 14C/C ratio (percent modern carbon, or pmc). 0.1 percent modern carbon corresponds to a computed age of 57,000 years!
17	"The conventional uniformitarian age for..." The conventional uniformitarian age for these samples is well beyond 100,000 years (in most cases it is tens to hundreds of millions of years). The samples include coal, anthracite, and natural gas, as well as wood, shells, foraminifera, and other fossils. Even some Precambrian graphite samples have carbon 14 ages of about 60,000 years! Some of the researchers tried to explain this carbon 14 as contamination, but none of their attempts to clean it were successful.
18	"AMS analyses reveal carbon from..." AMS analyses reveal carbon from fossil remains of living organisms, regardless of their position in the geological record, consistently contain 14C levels far in excess of the AMS machine threshold, even when extreme pre-treatment methods are applied. Experiments in which the sample size is varied argue compellingly that the 14C is intrinsic to the fossil material and not a result of handling or pre-treatment. These conclusions continue to be confirmed in the very latest peer-reviewed papers.
19	"Moreover," Moreover, even non-organic carbon samples appear consistently to yield 14C levels well above machine threshold. Graphite samples formed under metamorphic and reducing conditions in Precambrian limestone environments commonly display 14C values on the order of 0.05 pmc. A good question is what possibly could be the source of the 14C in this material? We conclude that the possibility this 14C is primordial is a reasonable one.
20	Organic matter consistently has a higher 14C ratio than Precambrian inorganic matter Not noise Not contamination
21	"Dr Baumgardner sent a diamond..." Dr Baumgardner sent a diamond for C-14 dating. It was the first time this had been attempted, and the answer came back positive—i.e. the diamond, formed deep inside the earth in a ‘Precambrian’ layer, nevertheless contained radioactive carbon, even though it ‘shouldn’t have’. This is exceptionally striking evidence, because a diamond has remarkably powerful lattice bonds, so there is no way that subsequent biological contamination can be expected to find its way into the interior.
22	"The diamond’s carbon-dated ‘age" The diamond’s carbon-dated ‘age’ of <58,000 years is thus an upper limit for the age of the whole earth. And this age is brought down still further now that the helium diffusion results have so strongly affirmed dramatic past acceleration of radioactive decay.
23	"The fact that isotopic dates..." The fact that isotopic dates are generally too old by hundreds of millions of years, but Carbon 14 dates are only too old by thousands of years, is also evidence for accelerated decay because Carbon 14 decays much faster.
24	"An ounce of silver +..." An ounce of silver + a pound of gold: Not much difference An ounce of silver + a pound of bricks: Big difference $5.00 doesn’t mean much to a millionaire $5.00 means a lot to a beggar! 100 + 1/10: not much increase .001 + 1/10: big increase
25	"Small half life:" Small half life: Decay is frequent Large half life: Decay is rare Extra decay makes little difference if decay is frequent Extra decay makes large difference if decay is rare Conclusion: Isotopic ages of elements with large half lives should be more affected by an increase in decay rates
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27	"Alpha decay and beta decay..." Alpha decay and beta decay use different processes Therefore they may not be affected the same by an increase in the decay rate So discordances between alpha and beta decay ages are an evidence of disturbed decay
28	"Expected evidence of increase in..." Expected evidence of increase in decay rates: Carbon 14 ages much younger than other isotopic ages like K-Ar, U-Pb, et cetera Alpha and beta ages should differ Long half live ages more affected than short half life ages
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31	"ABSTRACT:" ABSTRACT: The five-point Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron age of 1.07 Ga for the diabase sill at Bass Rapids, Grand Canyon, has been regarded for 20 years as an excellent example of the application of conventional radioisotopic dating. However, our new K-Ar, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb radioisotope data from eleven whole-rock samples (eight diabase, three granophyre) and six mineral phases separated from one of the whole-rock diabase samples yield discordant whole-rock and mineral isochron “ages.”
32	"These isochron “ages”" These isochron “ages” range from 841.5±164 Ma (whole-rock K-Ar) to 1375±170 Ma (mineral Sm-Nd). Each method appears to yield concordant “ages” internally between whole rocks and minerals. It is therefore argued that only changing radioisotope decay rates in the past could account for these discordant isochron “ages” for the same geologic event. Furthermore, these data are consistent with alpha decay having been accelerated more than beta decay, and with the longer the present half-life the greater being the acceleration factor.
33	"This is not an isolated..." This is not an isolated phenomenon but is characteristic of isotopic dates:
34	"Austin has already documented that" Austin has already documented that, when the mineral isochron method is applied as a test of the assumptions of radioisotopic dating, discordances inevitably result. According to Austin, four categories of discordance are found in suites of rocks with a common origin — (1) two or more discordant whole rock isochron ages, (2) a whole-rock isochron age older than the associated mineral isochron ages, (3) two or more discordant mineral isochrons from the same rock, and (4) a whole-rock isochron age younger than the associated mineral isochron ages. Our radioisotope data from the Bass Rapids diabase sill exhibit all four categories of isochron discordance. Thus the assumptions of radioisotopic dating must be questioned.
35	"Airtight dates disagree:" Airtight dates disagree: An evidence of a change in the decay rates
36	Mutation rates
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38	Mutation rates
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42	"Slusher (1981," Slusher (1981, p. 26) reports: Anderson and Spangler maintain that their several observations of statistically significant deviations from the (random) expectation strongly suggests that an unreliability factor must be incorporated into age-dating calculations. Such irregularities were observed for carbon 14, cobalt 60, and cesium 137. The source for this information is Anderson, J.L. and Spangler, G.W., "Radiometric Dating: Is the `Decay Constant' Constant?", Pensee, p. 31.
43	"Even Dalrymple (1984," Even Dalrymple (1984, p. 88) recognizes such irregularities: Under certain environmental conditions, the decay characteristics of 14C, 60Co, and 137Ce, all of which decay by beta emission, do deviate slightly from the ideal random distribution predicted by current theory ... , but changes in the decay constants have not been detected. Dalrymple cites the references Anderson, J. L., 1972, Non-Poisson distributions observed during counting of certain carbon-14-labeled organic (sub) monolayers, Phys. Chem. J. 76: 3603-3612 and Anderson, J.L.and G.W. Spangler, 1973, Serial statistics: Is radioactive decay random? Phys. Chem. J. 77: 3114 - 3121.
44	"What could have sped up..." What could have sped up decay rates? The following comment by Keith Wanser, a creationist physicist, quoted in Creation Ex Nihilo 21(4) p. 40 is significant: Actually, it turns out that when you get the nucleus "excited", decay is going to be much quicker, making things look vastly "older". People have been talking recently about magnetic stars giving off big bursts of gamma rays; there are all sorts of ways that radiometric "clocks" could have been reset catastrophically, during the Flood, for example.
45	"“Furtive Glances Trigger Radioactive..." “Furtive Glances Trigger Radioactive Decay," Science 2 June 2000 vol 288 page 1564 This article shows how interactions with elementary particles can cause decay rates to increase. One such particle is the neutrino, and supernovas produce many neutrinos.
46	"A recent result (Science..." A recent result (Science 26 April 2002 vol. 296 page 633) implies that neutrinos interact with matter much more readily than previously thought: “The results also show that another property of neutrinos, related to how they interact with matter, known as the mixing angle, must be large, rather than small, contrary to what physicists believed until quite recently.”
47	"Where did all the radiation..." Where did all the radiation come from to speed up decay rates?
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52	"Gamma rays may have devastated..." Gamma rays may have devastated life on Earth 24 September 03 New Scientist A devastating burst of gamma rays may have caused one of Earth's worst mass extinctions, 443 million years ago. A team of astrophysicists and palaeontologists says the pattern of trilobite extinctions at that time resembles the expected effects of a nearby gamma-ray burst (GRB).
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54	"GRBs are the most powerful..." GRBs are the most powerful explosions known. As giant stars collapse into black holes at the end of their lives, they fire incredibly intense pulses of gamma rays from their poles that can be detected even from across the universe for 10 seconds or so.
55	"Now Melott believes he has..." Now Melott believes he has palaeontological evidence that this actually happened at the end of the Ordovician period 443 million years ago, causing one of the five largest extinctions of the past 500 million years.
56	"The researchers found that species..." The researchers found that species of trilobite that spent some of their lives in the plankton layer near the ocean surface were much harder hit than deep-water dwellers, which tended to stay put within quite restricted areas. Melott says this unusual pattern could be explained by a GRB, which would probably devastate creatures living on land and near the ocean surface, but leave deep-sea creatures relatively unharmed.
57	"Supernova "smoking gun"" Supernova "smoking gun" linked to mass extinctions 09 January 02 New Scientist They found atoms of a very rare isotope of iron, 60Fe, in cores taken from the ocean floor. 60Fe is rare in the solar system because it has a half-life of 1.5 million years. The German group suggested that the iron arrived on Earth as fallout from a nearby supernova about two million years ago.
58	"This is about the time..." This is about the time that fossil records indicate that many marine molluscs went extinct. Donald Clayton, an astronomer at Clemson University, says the story appears consistent: "The amount of 60Fe found in deposits is about what you might expect from a supernova going off about 100 light-years away." Clayton says 60Fe would be blasted towards Earth when high energy neutrons from the supernova core smack into iron atoms in its outer shell.
59	"Supernova poised to go off..." Supernova poised to go off near Earth 10:30 23 May 02 New Scientist. A student at Harvard University has stumbled across the terrifying spectacle of a star in our galactic backyard that is on the brink of exploding in a supernova. It is so close that if it were to blow up before moving away from us, it could wipe out life on Earth.
60	"We are only 150 light..." We are only 150 light years away from HR 8210 at present - well short of the 160 to 200 light years thought to be the minimum safe distance from a supernova. If it did let fly, the high-energy electromagnetic radiation and cosmic rays it released would destroy Earth's ozone layer within minutes, giving life little chance of survival. "The fact that there's such a system so close to us suggests maybe these objects are not so rare," says Latham.
61	"But which supernova might have..." But which supernova might have been responsible for the increase in decay rates?
62	"The Gum Nebula is a..." The Gum Nebula is a huge constellation in the Southern hemisphere, about 1000 light years away, and extending over at least 40 degrees of the sky. The Gum Nebula is thought to be the remnant of one or more ancient supernovae. One pulsar in this region, perhaps not associated with the Gum Nebula, is the Vela Pulsar, which is about 800 light years away and estimated to be about 11,000 years old.
63	"However," However, if the dating of pulsars is wrong, as has recently been suggested, then the Vela Pulsar could be much younger, and may have arisen only 4,500 years ago, or about the time of the Flood. The Vela supernova remnant is now about 230 light years across and covers over 100 times the sky area of the full moon.
64	"Vela Supernova Remnant in X-ray" Vela Supernova Remnant in X-ray
65	"Vela Pulsar:" Vela Pulsar: Neutron Star-Ring-Jet
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67	"Another evidence of a recent..." Another evidence of a recent creation: comets
68	Comets crumble too quickly
69	Kuiper Belt
70	"Kuiper belt – supposed source..." Kuiper belt – supposed source of short period comets – was recently found to have only 4 percent of the necessary objects! (Science 5 Sept. 2003 vol. 301 page 1304 “Comet 'Factory' Found to Have Too Little Inventory”) Comets must have been recently produced, then, by some kind of a catastrophe.
71	Asteroid Belt
72	"Correlation between surface heat flow..." Correlation between surface heat flow and the radioactivity of surface rocks (RATE book, page 80) Robert Gentry claims to have found "squashed" polonium haloes as well as embryonic uranium radiohaloes in coal deposits from many geological layers claimed to be hundreds of millions of years old. (See the Oct. 15, 1976 issue of Science.)
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75	Evidence for a recent creation Helium retention in zircons Recent Carbon 14 dates Radiation and accelerated decay Evidence of accelerated mutation rate Evidence of a nearby supernova Lack of objects in the Kuiper belt Correlation between surface heat flow and the radioactivity of surface rocks
76	"Many lines of evidence are..." Many lines of evidence are beginning to fit together into a consistent picture. How much evidence is necessary before a paradigm shift occurs?
77	"Revelation 14 6" Revelation 14 6 And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, 7 Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters.
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